Start and end dates are only scheduled for working days. The differentiation between working and nonworking days originates from a factory calendar that is determined according to the following priority: 1. Factory calendar in the activity 2. Factory calendar in the work center 3. Factory calendar of the plant in the activity For externally processed activities and service activities, the system, by default, uses the planned delivery time as the scheduling-relevant dura- tion without differentiating between working and nonworking days.
But, if you want to use a deviating duration for scheduling, you can define a control key with the Scheduling external operation indicator and manually enter the scheduling-relevant duration in the Normal dura- tion field of the Internal tab.
Using factory calendars in the costs activities, you can restrict scheduling to working days. If necessary, the system can automatically reduce the duration of activi- Reduction ties if the scheduled dates are outside of the basic or forecast dates of the network header. The system can therefore automatically adapt the duration of activities to enable the network to be carried out in a given timeframe. This automatic adaptation of activity durations is called reduc- tion.
By specifying a minimum duration in an activity, you can ensure that a time interval that is required for processing an activity is not fur- ther reduced. The reduction of the activity durations is performed in several successive Reduction levels stages.
A maximum of six stages could be implemented. After scheduling, you will find the actual number of required reduction levels in the network header. For a system to automatically reduce the duration of an activity, you Reduction strategy must store a reduction strategy in the activity.
In the definition of a reduc- tion strategy, for each reduction level, you specify the percentage by which the planned duration of an activity is to be reduced. Finally, you need to specify in the scheduling parameters that a reduc- tion is to be carried out.
To do this, you specify the maximum number of levels to run through. In addition, you can specify in the scheduling parameters whether all activities that have a reduction strategy are to be reduced or only those that are time critical. Scheduling calculates the planned earliest and latest dates of activities, Scheduling and the scheduled dates of network headers and WBS elements. The cor- constraints responding fields cannot be changed manually. To do this, you can specify schedul- ing constraints for activities see Figure 3.
You can manually enter scheduling constraints or graphically determine them in the project planning board, depending on the options or the planning board profile see Chapter 2, Section 2. In scheduling, the various influencing factors are considered according to the following prioritization: 1. Actual dates see Chapter 5, Section 5.
Scheduling constraints 3. Relationships 4. Start and end dates of the network header or the assigned WBS ele- ments if the work breakdown structure determines dates From the scheduled dates of the activities, the system also determines Floats floats for each activity, which can be displayed in the detail screen of the activities and the network graphic, or graphically illustrated in the proj- ect planning board, respectively.
Regarding floats, there is a distinction between a total float and a free float. The total float of an activity results from the difference between its lat- Total float est and earliest dates, and therefore specifies the time interval by which you can shift an activity from its earliest date without exceeding the end date defined in the network header or — if it determines dates — of the assigned WBS element.
Activities with a total float smaller than or equal to zero are regarded as time-critical and are highlighted in color in the network graphic and the diagram section of the project planning board. For two activities that are linked to each other by a finish-start relationship without a time interval , the free float of the pre- 4 In the project planning board, you can use the options or even the planning board profile to control the total float starting from which activities are to be highlighted in color.
Because you can use the free float to perform activities without affecting subsequent activities with regard to scheduling, you can set the Flex- ible indicator for an activity to cause the earliest dates of this activity to be calculated based on the normal duration plus the free float. Conse- quently, the capacities have more time for performing the activity. Just like activities, however, activity elements have earliest and latest start and end dates.
These dates are derived from the sched- uled dates of the activity to which the activity elements are assigned and from the time intervals you may have entered in the activity elements. The planned dates of the activity elements always fall within the activity dates.
Scheduling constraints can be defined at an activity level, but not for activity elements. If you use a milestones time reference, you can use appropriate indicators to specify whether the milestone date is to be taken from the earliest or latest date, and the start or the end date of the activity. Furthermore, you can specify a time interval either in absolute terms e. When using a time reference, every date shift of the activity directly affects the milestone date.
Even if you assign material components to an activity see Section 3. The scheduling parameters control whether the date reference should refer to the earliest or the latest date of the activity.
If necessary, you can also specify an absolute time interval that is considered when deriving the requirement date from the activity date. Network Scheduling In network scheduling, all activities of an individual network are sched- uled.
Whenever you call the scheduling from the specific maintenance function CN22 or from the Project Builder, provided you have selected a network header or a network activity in the structure tree, you trigger a network scheduling. In network scheduling, the scheduling settings are determined from Network the network scheduling parameters, but can also be temporarily modi- scheduling parameters fied. This value is displayed at the network header level and can be changed there, if necessary.
You use this scheduling type if you know the start of the execution, but not its end date. EE Backward The system first performs a backward and then a forward scheduling. You use this scheduling type if you know the end of the execution e. You can therefore see if the planned period for the execution is still sufficient and which floats may still be available.
This also includes both forward and backward scheduling. EE Only Capacity Requirements The activities use the start and end dates from the network header or the assigned WBS elements, if they determine dates as the earliest and latest start and end dates. Relationships or the duration of indi- vidual activities are not taken into account in this scheduling type. Scheduling types with a reference to the time of the day can not be implemented in SAP Proj- ect System.
For example, if there is a fixed timeframe for the execution, enter the start and end dates manually in the network header and set the Do not adjust basic dates indicator. Your dates will remain fixed during the scheduling process, and by com- paring the scheduled dates, you can determine whether the timeframe is sufficient for the execution.
Based on your start date, the system first calculates the sched- uled end of the network, inserts it as the end date, and then performs the backward scheduling based on this date. If the system determines a start date during scheduling that is further in the past than you permitted in the Start in the Past field,6 the system issues a warning and automatically uses the current date for forward scheduling this is called today scheduling.
Automatic By setting the Automatic Scheduling indicator in the scheduling param- scheduling eters, you cause a scheduling to be performed automatically when the network is saved whenever there has been a scheduling-relevant modi- fication to the network. The indicator is forwarded as a default value to the network header and can be changed there.
At the latest, during the implementation phase of a network, it is usually recommended that you remove this indicator from the network header to avoid uncontrolled changes to capacity requirements, purchase requisitions, or reservations of material due to automatic scheduling.
Other indicators in the scheduling parameters control the output of scheduling logs in Transaction CN22, the handling of breaks in the scope of scheduling, the date reference of material components, the consider- ation of actual dates from partial confirmations see Chapter 5, Section 5. Overall Network Scheduling In overall network scheduling, all networks or orders that are linked to each other via external relationships or subnetworks are scheduled at the same time. Overall network scheduling is run automatically within the assembly processing see Section 2.
During overall network scheduling, the scheduling settings are deter- mined, just like in network scheduling, from the scheduling parameters for the network type.
Then network scheduling you can make temporary changes to the scheduling settings, if necessary, or enter new start and end dates for scheduling see Figure 3. Afterward, you can save the date changes of the networks or orders, respectively. You can go to the activity or network header display by clicking on your mouse. In addition, you can enter activity confirmations in the Subnetwork Monitor or call the Project Information System: Structures see Chapter 7, Section 7. Levels To use the functions of overall network scheduling with selection options in the Customizing of SAP Project System, you need to define levels in addition to the scheduling parameters for the network type, and then manually assign these levels to the network types and number range intervals of the networks and subnetworks.
The level definition must reflect the hierarchical arrangement of the networks and subnetworks. The levels serve as selection criteria in Transaction CN24N. A scheduling using Transaction CN24N can span a maximum of two levels. Therefore, you can schedule individual parts of a project without scheduling all activities of a network.
If you set the Adjust basic dates in WBS scheduling, not only are the network header dates adapted to the scheduled dates, but the planned dates of the WBS elements are also derived from the sched- uled dates of the assigned activities. For that reason, the planned dates of activities and WBS elements can be determined at the same time during a WBS scheduling.
Scheduling method In addition, the parameters for WBS scheduling include the Scheduling method field with the following two options: Book. Therefore, the idea of the WBS determines dates scheduling method is to first make a manual time schedule at the WBS element level and to then schedule the assigned activities. The scheduling of the activities is then based on the manually planned start and end dates of the WBS elements.
In the time scheduling process using WBS elements and networks, the scheduling parameters controlling the scheduling of the activities and the data exchange with the WBS elements play an important role, and the planning methods controlling the hierarchical exchange of planned dates between WBS elements on different levels.
You can define the WBS scheduling parameters in the Customizing and specify them together with the planning methods for your project. Alternatively, you can also use predefined scheduling scenarios with WBS elements and networks.
If you select a scheduling scenario for scheduling a project, all settings Scheduling are determined via the scheduling scenario. The following scheduling scenarios scenarios exist: EE Bottom-up scenario Based on the basic start date of the network header which may be anywhere in the past , a forward scheduling and then a backward scheduling are performed.
The scheduled dates are used as planned dates at the network header level and the assigned WBS elements. The planned dates of the WBS elements are finally projected in a bot- tom-up fashion. During this process, the system checks the hierar- chical consistency of this time scheduling when scheduling or saving.
The scheduling of the assigned activities is based on the planned dates of the WBS elements which may be anywhere in the past. The settings of both scheduling scenarios, bottom-up and top-down, are pre- defined and cannot be changed.
If you want to use one of the two scheduling scenarios, you can store the scenario in the project definition or enter it as a default value in the project profile.
However, if you want to use different settings, you need to set the Scheduling scenario field to the Free scheduling value and specify the appropriate settings manually. Summary Using scheduling, you can have the system automatically calculate the planned dates of activities and assigned objects, and identify time-critical activities. If the activities are assigned to WBS elements, date information can be exchanged between the activities and the WBS elements.
If necessary, you can manually schedule dates at the WBS element level. You are supported by various functions like, for example, the projecting of dates or hierarchical consistency checks. A logistic resource planning in the sense of a capacity plan- ning, or an automatic data exchange between the project structure and purchasing documents is only possible in SAP Project System if you also implement networks.
A manual cost planning for the required resources and a manual assignment of purchasing documents at the WBS element level are not necessary when using networks. The following sections deal with the functions that are available for planning resources via network activities. To make statements about the availability of your resources and thus the feasibility of your projects in terms of capacities, you can use the capacity requirements planning in SAP Project System.
The primary function of capacity requirements planning is to determine Capacity capacity requirements and to periodically e. The avail- able capacity is defined using work centers, while the required capacity is derived from the activity data of networks or, for example, production or maintenance orders. If you discover that the capacity requirement is higher than the available capacities during a specific period, you will need to make a capacity leveling to get your planning in line with the capacities.
A prerequisite for capacity requirements planning using networks is the usage of work centers. Definition of Work Centers and Available Capacity Work centers are organizational units in the SAP system that define where an activity can be performed and by whom.
If you have already defined work centers for production or maintenance, you can use these work centers in networks as well, provided that this is permitted by the appli- cation of the work centers.
When creating a new work center, in addition to the identification and Work center the plant of the work center, you also specify the Work center category category Book. Among other things, the work center category defines the fields Field selection and tabs Screen sequence to be displayed in the master record of the work center. If required, you can define additional work center categories Customizing Transaction OP For a work center to be used in standard networks and particularly in operative networks, it must have a usage that is assigned to the task list type 0 standard network.
If the work center is to be exclusively used for networks, you can, for example, enter the application networks only in the master record of the work center. If you want, you can use Customizing Transaction OP45 to define your own usages and assign them to the relevant task list types. Depending on the work center category, you can make a number of set- tings for the time scheduling see Section 3. For capacity requirements planning, however, the settings on the Capacities tab are relevant.
On this tab, you first store one or more Capacity Categories, for exam- Capacity categories ple, for persons or machines, and then define the respective available capacity. Capacity categories are defined in Customizing and specify, among other things, whether the available capacity must be defined in time units or in base or volume units, or whether, for example, you can assign persons from Human Resources HR. In the simplest case, the definition of an available capacity consists of Available capacity the specification of a factory calendar for distinguishing working and nonworking days, information about the beginning, the end, and the duration of breaks of a working day, the specification of a capacity uti- lization rate, and the number of available individual capacities.
The rate of capacity utilization describes how much of the daily working time can actually be used for production. The available capacity finally results from the productive operating time of a capacity, multiplied with the number of individual capacities see Figure 3. In addition to the definition of the standard available capacity, there are several more detailed options for defining available capacities. On the one hand, you can specify time intervals and define a separate available capacity for every interval.
Thus, you can map employment relation- ships depending on the season, for example. On the other hand, you can define Shift Sequences in Customizing Transaction OP4A and assign them to the capacity category in the work center. Using shift sequences, you can then specify exact break times that can be considered in capacity requirements planning. Finally, you can also define individual capacities and assign them to the capacity category in the work center.
Using appropriate reporting set- tings, you can then also use the aggregated availability of the assigned individual capacities for capacity evaluations instead of the standard offer. For personnel resources, the availability of individual capacities is derived from the planned working time Infotype that is main- tained for the employees in HR.
The formula determines how the capacity require- ments are to be calculated from the activity data. Usually, the standard formula SAP is entered here. In Customizing, however, you can also define your own formulas Trans- action OP21 to consider values of other activity fields as well when calculating capacity requirements. To do this, you must define a separate parameter for the corresponding user field and assign it to the user field in the field key definition.
The parameter can then be used in the definition of a formula. If you define your own formulas, however, note that the calculation of capacity requirements should always be clearly docu- mented in the reporting. A distribution key consists of a distribution strategy and a distribution function see Figure 3.
The distribution function determines — after which percentage of the activity duration — what percent of the entire capacity requirement is needed see Figure 3. Among other things, the distribution strategy determines whether the distribution is to take place via the earliest or the latest dates of the activity see Figure 3. In the standard version, various distribution keys are already defined, such as SAP Equal distribution across the latest dates or SAP Equal distribution across the earliest dates.
If you want, you can also define additional distribution keys, functions, or strategies in the Customizing of SAP Project System. EE The control key of the activities must be identified as relevant to the determination of capacity requirements see Chapter 2, Section 2.
Also note that a final confirmation or setting the status to Technically completed sets the remaining capacity requirement of an activity to zero 0. If you want, you can enter a distribution key in the activities just like you Determining the would in a work center. Unless the report you use for the capacity evalua- requirements distribution tion provides a dedicated distribution key, the system determines the dis- tribution of capacity requirements according to the following strategy: 1.
Distribution key of the activity 2. Distribution key of the work center 3. Equal distribution across the latest dates of the activity After you have created capacity requirements for a network, you can use various reports to compare the capacity requirements of the network plus the requirements of other projects or orders to the corresponding 8 If you want, you can perform your capacity requirements planning for suppliers as well, i.
To do this, you need to define a separate work center with the appropriate required capacities for the supplier, and enter the work center on the Internal tab of the activity. This may be relevant, for example, if a project is cancelled or stopped during the implemen- tation phase. Capacity overloads, that is, requirements that exceed the available capacities during a specific period, are highlighted in color. Additional detailed capacity reports are discussed in Section 7.
Capacity reports therefore distinguish from among three different requirements capacity requirements: EE Planned Capacity Requirements The capacity requirement resulting from the planned data of the activ- ities. EE Remaining Capacity Requirements The current capacity requirements resulting from the originally planned requirements, the previously confirmed services, and possi- bly the forecasted remaining work.
EE Actual Capacity Requirements The service that has actually been used and has already been con- firmed. To do this, you can distribute the work via capacity splits, that is, split the planned work of an activity into indi- vidual capacities.
Capacity splits can be individual machines, organiza- tional units, or positions, for example. Usually, however, the SAP Project System performs a workforce planning, that is, a distribution with a direct reference to personnel numbers.
This can either be maintained in the system as HR mini—master records, or originate from an HR system. If you want to consider the availability of the person or their qualifications in your planning, you will also need Infotypes Planned Working Time and Quali- fications. Another later use of the data in the timesheet also requires Infotype Default Values Time Sheet. Before you can distribute the work of an activity to individuals, you must have already determined the capacity requirements.
This means you need at least one work center for workforce planning as well. Depending on the system set- tings, you can use the following personnel for workforce planning: EE Persons who are assigned to the work center of the activity EE Persons of a project organization EE Any personnel resources Personnel There are two ways of assigning personnel to a work center.
First, you assignment to can assign an organizational unit or an HR work center to the work cen- work centers ter and therefore indirectly assign personnel. Second, you can directly assign positions or persons to the work center capacity. The benefit of this option is that you can use the total amount of availabilities of the assigned personnel included in capacity reports as the available capacity of the work center instead of the standard availabilities.
Project Project organization refers to persons, positions, or organizational units organization that you assign to WBS elements as the default set for a later workforce planning. If you use Transaction CMP2 Workforce Planning - Selec- tion Project View , the system always first suggests the persons, posi- tions, or organizational units of the project organization for your work- force planning. If you have not assigned a project organization to a WBS element, Transaction CMP2 of the system provides the project organiza- tion of the hierarchically superior WBS element for workforce planning.
If you only want to store one project organization for the entire project, an assignment at the top project level will suffice. If you want, however, you can plan personnel resources in your work- force planning that are not assigned to the work center or to your proj- ect organization. Depending on the transaction you use for workforce planning, however, you must explicitly enable this in the activity or the workforce planning profile.
If you also defined the qual- ifications of the individual personnel resources Transaction PPPM , the system can create a ranking list during workforce planning listing those persons who are best qualified to meet the requirements of the activity. Workforce Planning Process There are different ways to plan a workforce. You can assign persons to an activity on the Person assignment tab and specify the date, the planned work, and the permitted duration for every split.
The system then automatically distributes the requirements across the specified dura- tion see Figure 3. You can also manually distribute the work to different days or weeks, for example, or use the graphical or tabu- lar planning board of capacity requirements planning to include capac- ity splits see Section 3. Lastly, you can use the Book. In contrast to a normal workforce planning, however, an activity element is created for every personnel assignment. The MRS functionality provides specific expert functions for workforce planning that is needed in the context of service projects, for example.
You receive a list of activities for which there are capacity requirements and then can create an assignment to organizational units, positions, or personnel resources see Figure 3. If there is a project organization, it will be suggested for an assign- ment; however, you can also use the work center resources and — pro- vided this is permitted by the profile — any other personnel resources. In addition, you need to enter the period in which the resource is to accomplish the specified amount of the planned work of the activ- ity.
At first, the system only offers the period for distribution that covers the capacity requirements of the activity. If you want, however, you can also use different periods for workforce planning. You can also display the availability planned working time or the total load12 of the resources for each period. This SAP Enterprise Portfolio and Project Management book not only suggests solutions within SAP, but also provides workarounds or integrations with third-party tools based on various Industry-specific business requirements.
Interface with other third-party schedule management, estimation, costing and forecasting applications are also covered in this book. Huge Discounts Available! Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
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